| Process | Simple mixing of forage, concentrate, by-products | TMR mixing + anaerobic sealing & LAB fermentation | Schingoethe(2017) |
| Storage stability | 1–3 days (short) | Weeks to months (excellent) | Bueno 등(2020), Kung 등(2018) |
| pH | 5.5–6.5 (near neutral) | 3.8–4.5 (rapid LAB acidification) | Kung 등(2018), Cao 등(2010) |
| Aerobic stability | Rapid spoilage (low) | >24 h extended (high) | Bueno 등(2020), Kung 등(2018) |
| Digestibility | Standard | Improved starch & NDF digestibility | Miyaji와 Nonaka(2018) |
| Rumen VFA & CH4 | Standard acetate : Propionate ratio | ↑ Propionate, ↓ CH4 5–15% | Song 등(2023), Miyaji와 Nonaka(2018) |
| By-product utilization | <50% moisture (limited) | up to 60–65% (excellent) | Bueno 등(2020), Cao 등(2010) |
| Production (milk/ADG) | Standard | Similar or improved feed efficiency | Schingoethe(2017), Miyaji와Nonaka(2018) |
| Limitations | Daily mixing required, component separation risk | Fermentation variability, precise moisture & microbial control needed | Schingoethe(2017), Kung 등(2018) |